Linear programming (LP) is an optimization technique most widely used for optimal allocation of limited resources amongst competing activities. Precise data are fundamentally indispensable in standard LP problems. However, the observed values of the data in real-world problems are often...

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric method for measuring the efficiency of peer operating units that employ multiple inputs to produce multiple outputs. Several DEA methods have been proposed for clustering operating units. However, to the best of our knowledge, the existing...

Although crisp data are fundamentally indispensable in the conventional linear programming technique for multidimensional analysis of preference (LINMAP), the observed values in the real-world problems are often imprecise or vague. These imprecise or vague data can be suitably characterized by...

Linear programming (LP) is the most widely used optimization technique for solving real-life problems because of its simplicity and efficiency. Although LP models require well-suited information and precise data, managers and decision makers dealing with optimization problems often have a lack...

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a mathematical optimization technique that measures the relative efficiency of decision making units (DMUs) with multiple input–output. In traditional DEA models, the data of different DMUs are assumed to be measured by precise values. But, in many real...

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a widely used mathematical programming approach for comparing the inputs and outputs of a set of comparable decision making units (DMUs) by evaluating their relative efficiency. The traditional DEA methods require accurate measurement of both the inputs and...

An important property of production functions is the concept return to scale (RTS) as found in the literature. There are two common variations RTS in data envelopment analysis (DEA) used, constant return to scale (CRS) and variation return to scale (VRS). The envelopment surface in BCC model is...