Using new data on citations to university patents and scientific publications, we study how geography affects … university knowledge spillovers. Citations to patents decline sharply with distance and are strongly constrained by state borders …

individually-owned patents in the U.S., we exploit variation in capital gains tax rates as an instrument to identify the causal … reduces litigation risk, on average. The impact of trade on litigation is heterogeneous, however. Patents with larger …

Using new data on citations to university patents and scientific publications, and measures of distance based on Google … maps, we study how geography affects university knowledge diffusion. We show that knowledge flows from patents are … is larger for patents from public, as compared to private, universities and this is partly explained by the local …

Using new data on citations to university patents and scientific publications, we study how geography affects … university knowledge spillovers. Citations to patents decline sharply with distance up to about 150 miles and are strongly …

individually-owned patents in the U.S., we exploit variation in capital gains tax rates as an instrument to identify the causal … reduces litigation risk, on average. The impact of trade on litigation is heterogeneous, however. Patents with larger …

manufacturing firms in the U.S. for the period 1980-93. We focus on three factors: the level of demand, the quality of patents, and … technological exhaustion. We first develop an index of patent ‘quality’ using detailed information on patents in the U.S. in seven …