This paper provides a long-term view by studying the effect of the underground or shadow economy on economic growth in the Unites States over the period 1870 to 2014. Shadow activities might spur or retard economic growth depending on their interactions with the formal sector and impacts on the...

This paper provides a long-term view by studying the effect of the underground or shadow economy on economic growth in the Unites States over the period 1870 to 2014. Shadow activities might spur or retard economic growth depending on their interactions with the formal sector and impacts on the...

Using various methods estimates about the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition and OECD countries are presented. The average size of the the shadow economy (in percent of GDP) over 1989-93 in developing countries in 39%, in transition countries 23% and in OECD countries 12%....