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countries, credits by the World Bank, and multilateral aid given by the U.N. agencies and other international organisations … (except the World Bank). However, the comparative evaluation of the estimates concerning the determinants of the different … other hand, World Bank credits are not allocated out' of humanitarian motives. Yet, performance excellence turns out not to …
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This paper assesses the relationship between institutions, output, and productivity, when official output is corrected for the size of the shadow economy. Our results confirm the usual positive impact of institutional quality on official output and total factor productivity, and its negative...
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This paper analyzes the influence of the shadow economy on corruption and vice versa. We hypothesize that corruption and shadow economy are substitutes in high income countries while they are complements in low income countries. The hypotheses are tested for a cross-section of 120 countries and...
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