economy reduces corruption in high-income countries, but increases corruption in low income countries. Finally, the various …

regulations are the driving forces of the shadow economy. Furthermore, the results show that the shadow economy reduces corruption … in high income countries, but increases corruption in low income countries. Finally, the various estimation methods are …

. Using a large annual panel of African countries with a time series of 25 years, ours results show that when the corruption … rate is above (below) a threshold of 1.3577, economic growth reduces (increases) informal economic sector. The corruption … proxy is measured as a decreasing function of corruption such that higher levels of the corruption proxy translate lower …

. Using a large annual panel of African countries with a time series of 25 years, ours results show that when the corruption … rate is above (below) a threshold of 1.3577, economic growth reduces (increases) informal economic sector. The corruption … proxy is measured as a decreasing function of corruption such that higher levels of the corruption proxy translate lower …

This paper empirically investigates the relationship between corruption and the emigration of those with high, medium … and low levels of educational attainment. The empirical results indicate that as corruption increases the emigration rate … levels of educational attainment, however, increases at initial levels of corruption and then decreases beyond a certain …

This paper examines the relationship between corruption and public debt in 106 countries. Results suggest that … corruption leads to an increase in public debt. We also investigate if the effect of corruption on pblic debt is increased by … government expenditure, the shadow economy and military expenditure. We find that the effect of corruption on public debt is …

. Second, the use of cash in crime, here especially in corruption, is also econometrically investigated. The influence is …