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The shadow economy has long been an area of research for policymakers. The determinants of underground activity of late have been identified as high tax burdens and increased regulation, but has this relationship always existed? This seminal work examines the shadow economy in Norway, Sweden,...
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countries, credits by the World Bank, and multilateral aid given by the U.N. agencies and other international organisations … (except the World Bank). However, the comparative evaluation of the estimates concerning the determinants of the different … other hand, World Bank credits are not allocated out' of humanitarian motives. Yet, performance excellence turns out not to …
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"Estimations of the size and development of the shadow economy for 145 countries, including developing, transition and highly developed OECD economies over the period 1999 to 2003 are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (as a percent of "official" GDP) in 2002/03 in 96 developing...
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