We study the dependence between the downside risk of European banks and insurers. Since the downside risk of banks and insurers differs, an interesting question from a supervisory point of view is the risk reduction that derives from diversification within large banks and financial...

From Risk to Opportunity: A Framework for Sustainable Finance presents the switch from traditional finance to sustainable finance. While financial institutions have started to avoid unsustainable companies from a risk perspective (Sustainable Finance 1.0 and 2.0), The frontrunners are now...

Climate change has become highly relevant for central banks, with new methods to assess the impact of climate-related shocks on the financial system developing rapidly. This paper analyzes the conceptual steps in Climate Risk Stress Testing (CRST), which is a tool to assess the impact of...