The central vs. local nature of high-school exit exam systems can have important repercussions on the labor market. By … high-school grades is indeed 6 percent when obtained on central exams but less than 2 percent when obtained on local exams …

The central vs. local nature of high-school exit exam systems can have important repercussions on the labor market. By … high-school grades is indeed 6 percent when obtained on central exams but less than 2 percent when obtained on local exams …

that students moving from elementary to middle school suffer a sharp drop in student achievement in the transition year …. These achievement drops persist through grade 10. We also find that middle school entry increases student absences and is … associated with higher grade 10 dropout rates. Transitions to high school in grade nine cause a smaller one-time drop in …

grade configurations on student achievement through grade 10. To identify the causal effect of structural school transitions …, we use student fixed effects and instrument for middle and high school attendance based on the terminal grade of the … school attended in grades 3 and 6, respectively. Consistent with recent evidence from other settings, we find that students …

, whether the shift into daylight saving time (which affects sleep and the relative timing of school start) affects European …