A macroeconomic model based on search-theoretical foundations is built to show that in an economy with structural deficiencies of the Russian Virtual Economy, money substitutes appear as a result of optimizing behavior of agents. The result obtains for an economy, where there are large natural...

The Russian economy has evolved into a hybrid form, a partially monetized quasi-market system that has been called the virtual economy. In the virtual economy, barter and non-monetary transactions play a key role in transferring value from productive activities to the natural monopolies and...

The purpose of the study is to clarify a few possible causes for the delay in new investment projects. It is well known that anticipation of future economic environment and prices affects the current investment decisions of a firm. Gaussian processes are typically used to model returns or...