cointegration among the series. In the long run, trade openness promotes economic growth. The growth-led-trade hypothesis is …The study investigates the impact of trade openness on economic growth in the long run. We apply the ARDL bounds … development as an additional determinant of economic growth using the framework of Mankiw et al. (1992). The results confirm …

, income, financial development, population and foreign trade in Portugal using the bounds testing approach to cointegration … within the unrestricted error-correction model (UECM). The Granger causality test within the Vector Error-Correction Model … (VECM) was conducted to examine the direction of causality. This study covered the annual sample of 1971 to 2009. Our …

annual time series data from the period of 1973-2011. The cointegration results confirm the valid long run relationship … the trade performance which leads to decline in economic growth in Pakistan. The present study may guide policy makers in … formulating a conclusive energy and trade policies for sustainable growth for long span of time. …

This study investigates the energy-growth-trade nexus in Pakistan by using the annual time series data for the period … relationship between exports and energy consumption, and also between imports and energy demand; and iv) bidirectional causality … growth in Pakistan. The present study may guide policymakers in formulating a conclusive energy and trade policies for …

cointegration to examine the long-run relationship between the variables. The vector error correction model (VECM) Granger causality … foreign capital inflows and imports have positive and significant effect on economic growth in case of Pakistan. Causality …The article investigates the impacts of imports and foreign capital inflows on economic growth of Pakistan over the …

This paper aims to investigate the impact of macroeconomic variables on economic growth after Structural Adjustment … Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) approach has been employed for cointegration and error correction model (ECM) for short …), foreign direct investment and inflow of remittances correlate positively with economic growth in the long run. High inflation …

A global profusion of coal provides many countries with opportunities for economic growth. The direction of causality … between coal consumption and economic growth is useful for policy making, however, existing empirical evidence have failed to … reach a consensus. This paper examined the liaison between coal consumption and economic growth for Pakistan over the period …

growth in Pakistan. Furthermore, the results of causality test suggest that natural gas consumption and economic growth are …This paper examines the dynamic relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth in Pakistan using a … the ARDL bounds testing indicate the presence of cointegration among the variables. The estimated long-run impact of gas …