This study attempts to explore the causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption, output and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for 10 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries over the period of 1980–2009. The results from panel Fully Modified Ordinary Least...

Russia's competitiveness and productivity encounter the intense environmental challenges due to the reckless fossil fuel consumption, putting this country's long-run sustainability at risk. Despite this, this country intends to achieve the sustainable development goal by cutting greenhouse gas...