first determine the optimal sanction when the probability of imposing sanctions is fixed, and we relate this optimal … sanction to the sanction that is ideal in terms of fairness alone and to the sanction that is ideal in terms of deterrence … usual solution in this case involves the maximal sanction and a relatively low probability of enforcement if individuals are …

both the probability and magnitude of sanctions may be varied, the usual solution involves a very high sanction and a …, the optimal sanction generally is not extremely high because such a sanction would be seen as unfair. The optimal … probability of imposing sanctions may be higher than in the usual case (to offset the lower sanction) or lower than in the usual …