Consider a publisher of online display advertising that sells its ad resources in both an upfront market and a spot market. When planning its ad delivery, the publisher needs to make a trade-off between earning a greater short-term profit from the spot market and improving advertising...

Airlines commonly experience the problem that the sum of freight forwarders’ orders exceeds the airline's fixed capacity for hot-selling routes, while the orders are usually 50 percent for underutilized routes. Airlines cannot dynamically change flights to address the imbalance, since they...