Previous literature omitted marketization process, a distinct phenomenon in transitional China, when the relationship between immigrants and indigenous urban income is investigated. We find that (1) marketization is a key factor of rural-urban harmonization; (2) segmentation of labor market has...

A new approach is developed to measure knowledge spillovers by means of proportion of non-appropriable returns to social returns, assuming no specific forms of production and knowledge functions. It is complicated theoretically, but very simple and practical empirically. Using PWT 6.3, we find...

This paper builds an externality-based model with physical and R&D capital, proves the linearity of technology functions, and derives two measures of spillovers from the relative differences between social and private rates of return. China¡¯s regional empiric studies exhibit a reverse...