Abstract: In the context of the growing smart manufacturing, task scheduling systems based on multi-load automated guided vehicles are attracting attention. Optimizing the time for AGVs to perform their tasks and balancing the route time cost of individual AGVs can effectively improve...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a multi-feature, multi-metric and multi-loop tightly coupled LiDAR-visual-inertial odometry, M 3 LVI, for high-accuracy and robust state estimation and mapping. Design/methodology/approach M 3 LVI is built atop a factor graph and composed of two...