Using proprietary portfolio data on millions of households, we show that (likely) Republicans increase the equity share and market beta of their portfolios following the 2016 presidential election, while (likely) Democrats rebalance into safe assets. We provide evidence that this behavior is...

This paper documents the share of investable wealth that middle-class U.S. investors hold in the stock market over their working lives. This share rises modestly early in life and falls significantly as people approach retirement. Prior to 2000, the average investor held less of their investable...

Many firms want to target their customers with a sequence of marketing actions, rather than just a single action. We interpret sequential targeting problems as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), which can be solved using a range of Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms. MDPs require the...