Social vulnerability for older persons, especially older women, due to insufficient income in retirement and earlier in … perspective, with a focus on older women in several rich and middle-income nations. We examine the United States, Canada, and a … Taiwan, China, and Mexico, around the turn of the century. In particular, we address what happens to older women as they …

successful in protecting single older people from poverty, especially single older women, than government-administered social … following the death of a spouse, which we argue would substantially reduce the risk of poverty faced by older women … reducing poverty in old age. The transition from work to retirement is no longer economically perilous for the vast majority of …

, inequality or poverty. This is true for country specific work or for cross-national comparisons. Researchers generally either use … a country specific equivalence scale (social assistance, expert based, or poverty scales), or adopt a single scale for …Die Wahl einer passenden Äquivalenzskala ist Voraussetzung für Vergleiche der Einkommensverteilung ökonomischer …

inequality and the incidence of poverty are greater in the United States than in Germany. Overall inequality and poverty levels … different results from those using all other scales with respect to the relative income and poverty levels of vulnerable groups …, daß Ungleichheit und Armut in den Vereinigten Staaten gößer sind als in Deutschland. Alle Personengruppen zusammen …