the year prior to the test reduce learning, with extreme heat being particularly damaging and larger effects for low … income and minority students. Weekend and summer heat has little impact and the effect is not explained by pollution or local … economic shocks, suggesting heat directly reduces the productivity of learning inputs. New data providing the first measures of …

school days disproportionately impact minority students, accounting for roughly five percent of the racial achievement gap …We demonstrate that heat inhibits learning and that school air-conditioning mitigates this effect. Student fixed … heat being particularly damaging. Weekend and summer heat has little impact, suggesting heat directly disrupts learning …

one percent. Hot school days disproportionately impact minority students, accounting for roughly five percent of the …We demonstrate that heat inhibits learning and that school air-conditioning may mitigate this effect. Student fixed … learning time. New nationwide, school-level measures of air-conditioning penetration suggest patterns consistent with such …

for students at two‐year colleges and a 2.6 percent (1.2 percentage point) increase in bachelor's degree completion for … students at four‐year colleges. CLEP also serves and impacts subpopulations historically hard to track in educational data. For …

completion results are notably strong for students who traditionally struggle to graduate and are often hard to track in … education data, including two-year and for-profit enrollees and students in the military, students older than 24 …

the year prior to the test reduce learning, with extreme heat being particularly damaging and larger effects for low … income and minority students. Weekend and summer heat has little impact and the effect is not explained by pollution or local … economic shocks, suggesting heat directly reduces the productivity of learning inputs. New data providing the first measures of …