In this paper, a Bayesian version of the exponential smoothing method of forecasting is proposed. The approach is based on a state space model containing only a single source of error for each time interval. This model allows us to improve current practices surrounding exponential smoothing by...

We provide a new approach to automatic business forecasting based on an extended range of exponential smoothing methods. Each method in our taxonomy of exponential smoothing methods can be shown to be equivalent to the forecasts obtained from a state space model. This allows (1) the easy...

Exponential smoothing, often used for sales forecasting in inventory control, has always been rationalized in terms of statistical models that possess errors with constant variances. It is shown in this paper that exponential smoothing remains the appropriate approach under more general...

The problem of constructing prediction intervals for linear time series (ARIMA) models is examined. The aim is to find prediction intervals which incorporate an allowance for sampling error associated with parameter estimates. The effect of constraints on parameters arising from stationary and...

The main objective of this paper is to provide analytical expression for forecast variances that can be used in prediction intervals for the exponential smoothing methods. These expressions are based on state space models with a single source of error that underlie the exponential smoothing...

The basic ideals underlying the Kalman filter are outlined in this paper without direct recourse to the complex formulae normally associated with this method. The novel feature of the paper is its reliance on a new algebraic system based on the first two moments of the multivariate normal...

A new class of models for data showing trend and multiplicative seasonality is presented. The models allow the forecast error variance to depend on the trend and/ or the seasonality. It can be shown that each of these models has the same updating equations and forecast functions as the...

The focus of this paper is on the relationship between the exponential smoothing methods of forecasting and the integrated autoregressive-moving average models underlying them. In this paper we derive, for the first time, the general linear relationship between their parameters. A method,...

A parsimonious method of exponential smoothing is introduced for time series generated from a combination of local trends and local seasonal effects. It is compared with the additive version of the Holt-Winters method of forecasting on a standard collection of real time series.

The local linear trend and global linear trend models embody extreme assumptions about trends. According to the local linear trend formulation the level and growth rate are allowed to rapidly adapt to changes in the data path. On the other hand, the Glaobal linear trend model makes no allowance...