The european model is confronted with a potential crise. Economic convergence concerns the gaps in living standards between countries: are they closing or widening, and at what speed? Are relatively poor economies to remain poor for many generations? Are the rich countries of next century to be...

This paper presents the main costs and benefits of accession to the EMU countries, different transmission mechanisms of monetary policy measures villages as national fiscal policies and the procedures for quantifying the effects of these measures on the real economy. Are costs caused by the...