Shipping was central to the rise of the Atlantic economies, but an extremely hazardous activity: in the 1780s, roughly … shipping technology was stagnant before iron steamships, in this paper we demonstrate that between the 1780s and 1820s, a … safety revolution occurred that saw shipping losses and insurance rates on oceanic routes almost halved thanks to steady …

The tonnage of shipping entering and leaving Ireland grew rapidly from the late eighteenth century until the mid-1870s …, after which there was a distinct slowdown. The mid-nineteenth century was notable for a five-fold increase in shipping per …

Shipping was central to the rise of the Atlantic economies, but an extremely hazardous activity: in the 1780s, roughly … shipping technology was stagnant before iron steamships, in this paper we demonstrate that between the 1780s and 1820s, a … safety revolution occurred that saw shipping losses and insurance rates on oceanic routes almost halved thanks to steady …