International debt financing is important for the development of emerging economies, as it gives firms from emerging markets (EMs) access to greater liquidity, a wider investor base and more effective laws and regulations. However, the financial crisis in the late 1990s, coupled with recent...

Firms have different choices of using equity issuance and cash flow to save. Empirically, we find three differences between savings from equity issuance and cash flow. First, firms may not increase or decrease the savings rates of equity issuance and cash flow at the same time. Second, the...