This paper deals with the real-time energy management strategies for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), including a battery and a supercapacitor (SC), for an electric city bus. The most attractive advantage deriving from HESSs is the possibility of reducing the battery current stress to...

This paper proposes a semi-active battery/supercapacitor (SC) hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for use in electric drive vehicles. A much smaller unidirectional dc/dc converter is adopted in the proposed HESS to integrate the SC and battery, thereby increasing the HESS efficiency and reducing...

This paper utilizes the dynamic programming (DP) approach to deal with the integrated optimization problem for deriving the best configuration and energy split strategies of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), including a battery and a supercapacitor (SC), for an electric city bus. Within the...