This paper proposes a theory that predicts low levels of protection during periods of "normal" trade volume coupled with episodes of "special" protection when trade volumes surge. This dynamic pattern of protection emerges from a model in which countries choose levels of protection in a repeated...

The authors characterize the role for R&D subsidies in export markets where R&D is an uncertain process and the winner of the R&D competition monopolizes the market. Investments are assumed to induce either first order or mean-preserving second order shifts in the distribution of a firm's costs...

The authors consider the impact of the formation of free-trade agreements on multilateral tariff cooperation. They assume that countries are limited to self-enforcing multilateral arrangements that balance the gains from deviating against the costs of an ensuing trade war. The authors find that...