the production of final manufacturing goods. The framework focuses on manufactures global value chain income and … equipment. The workers involved in manufactures global value chains are increasingly in services, rather than manufacturing …

There is evidence that Europe's manufacturing activity is increasingly concentrated in a Central European (CE) core … which the IMF in a recent publication also refers to as the German-Central European supply chain. This CE manufacturing core … provides further empirical evidence for the growing concentration of European industrial production in the CE manufacturing …