the relative importance of national, regional and spatial factors for explaining variations of productivity. Our analysis … shows that initial economic conditions or agglomeration and centrality are indeed relevant for differences in productivity … levels. What is far more important, however, is which country a region belongs to. Productivity differences in the European …

We study the determinants and productivity effects of regional transportation infrastructure investment in France …, Germany, Italy, and Spain. We estimate productivity effects with regional production functions for each country controlling …

productivity gains for domestic firms. The size of FDI spillovers is economically important, accounting for about 11% of … productivity growth in U.S. firms between 1987 and 1996. In addition, there is some evidence for imports-related spillovers, but it …