the relative importance of national, regional and spatial factors for explaining variations of productivity. Our analysis … shows that initial economic conditions or agglomeration and centrality are indeed relevant for differences in productivity … levels. What is far more important, however, is which country a region belongs to. Productivity differences in the European …

We study the determinants and productivity effects of regional transportation infrastructure investment in France …, Germany, Italy, and Spain. We estimate productivity effects with regional production functions for each country controlling …