Comparing talent across time is difficult as productivity changes. To compare talent across time we utilize Major League baseball data from 1871-2010 and time series techniques to determine if the mean and standard deviation of five performance measures are stationary and if structural breaks...

To search for eras in a sports league, we utilize time series tests with structural breaks to identify eras in Major League Baseball performance. Using data from 1871-2010, the mean and standard deviation of four different performance measures are examined to test if deterministic or stochastic...

Many count statistics are used to measure the productivity of hitters in Major League Baseball, such as the number of home runs and the number of runs batted in a season. However, comparing the talent of individual players across time is difficult as rules and technologies change. In this paper,...

FFormal rules and social norms are both important components of sanctioning anti-social behavior. However, finding data to analyze how these dual enforcement measures reinforce each other and change over time can be difficult. To provide insights on the interplay between rules and norms we...