We investigate the impact of independent valuation specialists on the downward bias of pre-initial public offering employee stock option valuations. Undervalued stock price estimates underlying firms' option grants produce option valuations that overstate earnings and provide employees with deep...

Political science research finds that individuals exhibit partisan bias, which results in unduly favorable economic expectations when their partisanship aligns with that of the US president. We examine whether partisan bias is present in management earnings forecasts, where CEOs have strong...