This paper studies robust inference for linear panel models with fixed effects in the presence of heteroskedasticity and spatiotemporal dependence of unknown forms. We propose a bivariate kernel covariance estimator that is flexible to nest existing estimators as special cases with certain...

The paper develops an asymptotically valid F test that is robust to spatial autocorrelation in a GMM framework. The test is based on the class of series covariance matrix estimators and ?fixed-smoothing asymptotics. The fi?xed-smoothing asymptotics and F approximation are established under mild...