the aggregate real rate of return in the economy? Is it higher than the growth rate of the economy and, if so, by how much … time - total returns to the largest, but oft ignored, component of household wealth, housing. The annual data on total … returns for equity, housing, bonds, and bills cover 16 advanced economies from 1870 to 2015, and our new evidence reveals many …

the aggregate real rate of return in the economy? Is it higher than the growth rate of the economy and, if so, by how much … time—total returns to the largest, but oft ignored, component of household wealth, housing. The annual data on total … returns for equity, housing, bonds, and bills cover 16 advanced economies from 1870 to 2015, and our new evidence reveals many …

economic activity, especially international trade. Yet nothing is known empirically about these effects in large samples. We … study the effects of war on bilateral trade for almost all countries with available data extending back to 1870. Using the … gravity model, we estimate the contemporaneous and lagged effects of wars on the trade of belligerent nations and neutrals …