This article explores the diverging roles of leftwing parties and trade unions in determining active labor market program (ALMP) spending. We argue that unions today increasingly take into account the distinct re-employability worries of their members. Rather than as a labor market outsider...

Policymakers generally have powerful incentives to attract votes by strategically manipulating public policies, for instance by increasing public spending during election periods or by implementing ideologically valued policies for their electoral base. At first sight, public theaters and...

This study explores the determinants of public employees’ job satisfaction. We are focusing on three concepts – reciprocal motives, personality traits and wage differences – to explain job satisfaction and production sector affiliation. Estimation results obtained from multivariate...