Between 2001 and 2007, rising prices of oil and gas provided a gigantic domestic windfall for Russia’s government in the form of export duties and resource taxes. However, the windfall created incentives for the federal government to re-capture control rights to natural resource stocks. Thus,...

This study attempts to provide benchmarks of North Korean institutional changes that signal the increased role of markets, looking at macroeconomic management, introduction of market-supporting policies, and provision of market-supporting infrastructure. The weight of the evidence indicates that...