holdout problem according to our simulations. The results help to inform theory as well as current policy initiatives on …

holdout problem according to our simulations. The results help to inform theory as well as current policy initiatives on …

liquidity support extended to crisis countries, including repeated rollovers of swaps coming due. The swaps bolster gross … reserves and are mostly drawn by distressed countries with low liquidity ratios. In addition, we show that Chinese state …

Compared with China's pre-eminent status in world trade, its role in global finance is poorly understood. This paper … World Bank. These "hidden debts" distort policy surveillance, risk pricing, and debt sustainability analyses. Since China …

Compared with China's dominance in world trade, its expanding role in global finance is poorly documented and … understood. Over the past decades, China has exported record amounts of capital to the rest of the world. Many of these financial … flows are not reported to the IMF, the BIS or the World Bank. "Hidden debts" to China are especially significant for about …

holdout problem according to our simulations. The results help to inform theory as well as current policy initiatives on …