The US dollar is frequently used as the invoicing currency of international crude oil trading. Hence, the fluctuation in US dollar exchange rate is believed to underlie the volatility of crude oil price and especially its forecasting accuracy. Using econometric techniques including...

Over the past few decades, the striking levels of economic growth achieved have been accompanied by environmental degradation. Based on the characteristics of indicators on the Commission on Sustainable Development of the United Nations, this study constructs quantitative approaches to evaluate...

Estimation has been carried out using GARCH-type models, based on the Generalized Error Distribution (GED), for both the extreme downside and upside Value-at-Risks (VaR) of returns in the WTI and Brent crude oil spot markets. Furthermore, according to a new concept of Granger causality in risk,...