This paper re-visits the empirical failure to establish a clear link between R&D efforts and patent counts at the … industry level. It is claimed that the "propensity-to-patent" concept should be split into an "appropriability propensity" and … countries over 19 years. The results confirm that the R&D-patent relationship is affected by research productivity …

One feature of the European patent system that is heavily criticized nowadays is related to its complex fragmentation … and the induced cost burden for applicants. Once a patent is granted by the EPO, the assignee must validate (and often … validation behavior of applicants. We rely on a gravity model that aims at explaining patent flows between inventor and target …

This paper analyzes firms' choices regarding the geographic scope of patent protection within the European patent … system. We develop an econometric model at the patent level to quantify the impact of office fees and translation costs on … firms' decision to validate a patent in a particular country once it has been granted by the EPO. These costs have been …