relatively little of these gaps. Second, exposure to innovation during childhood has significant causal effects on children …'s propensities to become inventors. Growing up in a neighborhood or family with a high innovation rate in a specific technology class … model implies that increasing exposure to innovation in childhood may have larger impacts on innovation than increasing the …

with similar math test scores in early childhood – which are highly predictive of innovation rates – suggesting that the … importance of environment by showing that exposure to innovation during childhood has significant causal effects on children …'s propensities to invent. Children whose families move to a high-innovation area when they are young are more likely to become …

Many writers have claimed that R&D has two 'faces'. In addition to the conventional role of stimulating innovation, R … important in this catch up process as well as stimulating innovation directly. Trade, by contrast, plays a more modest role in … productivity growth. …