This paper develops a methodology to measure the degree of economic integration between nations that are members of an integrated economic area (IEA). We show that an IEA is characterized by three properties regarding the distribution of IEA member shares of total IEA output and total IEA stocks...

European economic integration is commonly believed to be incomplete, and that further reforms are needed. In this context, the union of U.S. states is believed to be the benchmark model of complete economic integration and often serves as the basis for comparison as regarding the extent of E.U...