two (input and output) dimensions of innovation into a unique efficiency perspective. To this aim, the impact of public … funding on the ratio between innovative sales and innovative expenditures (innovative productivity) is estimated using a … simultaneity between subsidy allocation and the qualitative composition of the innovative output, as well as the endogeneity of …

/EU productivity gap. We find robust evidence that US firms have a higher capacity to translate R&D into productivity gains (especially … in the high-tech industries), and this contributes to explaining the higher productivity of US firms. Conversely, EU … firms are more likely to achieve productivity gains through capital-embodied technological change at least in medium and low …