A Turgo turbine with a pico scale (5 kW) is one solution to supplying electrical energy in remote areas because of its low construction costs and ease of maintenance. Based on empirical equations, the ratio of the wheel (D) and nozzle diameter (d), or D∕d, of a Turgo turbine must be determined...

Breastshot waterwheels are suitable for low head conditions in power plants because they have more stable efficiency than other types of turbines do. In some cases, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods have been utilised for the performance prediction, geometry optimisation or...