Competence has been recently proposed as an explanation for the degree of ambiguity aversion. Using general knowledge questions we presented subjects with simple lotteries in which they could bet on an event and against the same event. We show that the sum of certainty equivalents for both bets...

Portfolio choice is usually modelled by von Neumann-Morgenstern utility. Risk-value models are more general and permit the derivation of risk-value efficient frontiers. A behaviorally based risk measure with an endogenous or exogenous benchmark is used to derive efficient portfolios and to...