research project has been affected (to some degree) by the presence of third-party patents. We test for the relative effects of … the costs associated with physically obtaining research materials versus the costs associated with negotiating (legal …) permission and find that the latter dominates the scientist’s decision to change research projects. The magnitude of the effect …

The number of research grants awarded to biomedical researchers is found to have a positive effect on their subsequent …

research projects has been affected (to some degree) by the presence of third‐party patents. Our evidence suggests that the …

A research use exemption enables companies or research institutions to apply patented know-how of third parties for … research purposes for free without being sued for hurting patent rights.Depending on the extent of its implementation, the … research use exemption may be positive or negative for stimulating innovation. The main task of patent policy is to find the …