Do we have effective competition between the gasoline's big five oligopolists (Aral, Shell, Esso, Total and Jet) and fringe gasoline stations? Using 2014 Market Transparency price data from 66 cities with populations between 60,000 and 100,000, we analyze which brands lead price increases, the...

Holders of standard-essential patents must provide access to potential licensees on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms (FRAND). In the context of industrial economics, standardization shifts the demand curve outward. On one hand, profits from standardization can flow to the owners of...