-firm lending data. We decompose loan movements in Japan for the period 1990 to 2010 into bank, firm, industry, and common shocks …

2 percent per year. This overstatement in the Japanese CPI in combination with Japan's low inflation rate is likely to …Japanese monetary and fiscal policy uses the consumer price index as a metric for price stability. Despite a major … effort to improve the index, the Japanese methodology of calculating the CPI seems to have a large number of deficiencies …

for 40 regions of Japan. Our results identify important effects of a region’s own size, as well as cost linkages between … spread evenly over the 40 regions of Japan, aggregate output would fall by 5 percent. – markets ; regions ; productivity …

measurement and endogeneity issues by using a unique data set, covering the Japanese financial crises of the 1990s, which enables … statistically significant, suggesting that trade finance accounts for about one-third of the decline in Japanese exports in the …