Die Volatilität, die in Ländern mittleren Einkommens (LMEs) mit einer Öffnung der Kapitalmärkte in den vergangen Jahren einher ging, führte bei vielen Kritikern dieser Politik zu der Forderung, die stark ausgeprägten Konjunkturzyklen und Krisen (Boom-Bust Zyklen) durch eine...

During Europe's sovereign-debt crisis, interest rate spreads have been highly correlated with the share of multilateral loans that were considered senior to private markets. As both variables are potentially endogenous, we follow two different approaches to analyze the direction of causality....

Experts on the Japanese economy examine Japan's prolonged period of economic underperformance, analyzing the ways in which the financial system, monetary policy, and international financial factors contributed to its onset and duration.