elsewhere) can be used by multinational firms which have different productivity to serve the market abroad when product chains … abroad by either horizontal or vertical FDI. Upon opening a market to trade, firms with the lowest productivity will exit …, those with intermediate productivity will export, and those with higher productivity will choose fragmentation. Among the …

elsewhere) can be used by multinational firms which have different productivity to serve the market abroad when product chains … abroad by either horizontal or vertical FDI. Upon opening a market to trade, firms with the lowest productivity will exit …, those with intermediate productivity will export, and those with higher productivity will choose fragmentation. Among the …

and industrial classification for the US. These comparisons clearly point in the direction of China having sharply lower …

and industrial classification for the US. These comparisons clearly point in the direction of China having sharply lower …