multidimensional approaches to poverty and social exclusion, increasing concerns about reliance on nationally based income poverty …. Contrary to the situation with national income poverty measures, levels of economic vulnerability vary systematically across … experience of poverty and social exclusion in an enlarged European Union. The most effective strategy may be to take more …

extent to which the measures currently employed as national indicators of poverty and social exclusion succeed in capturing … ability increasing sharply as one moves from 'at risk of poverty' to consistent poverty and finally economic vulnerability …