employees surveyed received under-reported wages by an amount that averaged 39 per cent of their net salary, and that in just …Recently, there has been growing recognition that some formal employees receive from their formal employers two wages …, namely an official declared wage plus an additional undeclared (envelope) wage, which reduces the tax and social …

envelope wages during the last 12 months amounting on average to two-fifths of their gross annual wage. Revealing how although …To evaluate the prevalence in Eastern Europe of a little discussed illegitimate wage practice in which employers pay … their formal employees both a declared wage and an undeclared ‘envelope wage’, an extensive survey involving 10,671 face …

staff an official salary, described in a registered formal employment agreement, and an extra, undeclared "envelope wage … companies. For employees, accepting under-reported wages reduces their access to credit and their social protections. Addressing …