This paper investigates Becker, Hornung and Woessmann's recent claim that education had an important causal effect on … problems, notably the omission of relevant variables which leads to serious bias in the estimated effect of education. When … these problems are corrected, the conclusions of Becker, Hornung and Woessmann no longer hold. Education did not play an …

We use the elements of a macroeconomic production function-physical capital, human capital, labor, and technology … development. It affects human capital through both religious and secular education. It affects population and labor by influencing …