. We develop a new common metric that allows tracking student achievement across countries, over time, and along the within … specifications, time periods, and country samples. In addressing causality, we find, first, significant growth effects of cognitive … time experienced relative increases in their growth paths. From a policy perspective, the shares of basic literates and …

allows tracking student achievement across countries, over time, and along the within-country distribution. Extensive … sensitivity analyses of cross-country growth regressions generate remarkably stable results across specifications, time periods ….S.-educated immigrants from the same country of origin. Third, countries that improved their cognitive skills over time experienced relative …